Contrasting water-use strategies revealed by species-specific transpiration dynamics in the Caatinga dry forest.

In forest ecosystems, transpiration (T) patterns are important for quantifying water and carbon fluxes and are major factors in predicting ecosystem change. Seasonal changes in rainfall and soil water content can alter the sensitivity of sap flux density to daily variations in vapor pressure deficit (VPD). This sensitivity is species-specific and is thought to be related to hydraulic strategies. The aim of this work is to better understand how the sap flux density of species with low versus high wood density differ in their sensitivity to VPD and soil water content and how potentially opposing water-use strategies influence T dynamics, and ultimately, correlations to evapotranspiration (ET). We use hysteresis area analysis to quantify the sensitivity of species-specific sap flux density to changes in the VPD, breakpoint-based models to determine the soil water content threshold instigating a T response and multiscalar wavelet coherency to correlate T to ET. We found that low wood density Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) Gillett had a more dynamic T pattern, a greater sensitivity to VPD at high soil water content, required a higher soil water content threshold for this sensitivity to be apparent, and had a significant coherency correlation with ET at daily to monthly timescales. This behavior is consistent with a drought avoidance strategy. High wood density Cenostigma pyramidale  (Tul.)  E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, conversely, had a more stable T pattern, responded to VPD across a range of soil water content, tolerated a lower soil water content threshold to T, and had a significant coherency correlation with ET at weekly timescales. This behavior is consistent with a drought-tolerant strategy. We build on previous research to show that these species have contrasting water-use strategies that should be considered in large-scale modeling efforts.

Woody plant encroachment modifies carbonate bedrock: field evidence for enhanced weathering and permeability.

Little is known about the effects of woody plant encroachment-a recent but pervasive phenomenon-on the hydraulic properties of bedrock substrates. Recent work using stream solute concentrations paired with weathering models suggests that woody plant encroachment accelerates limestone weathering. In this field study, we evaluate this hypothesis by examining bedrock in the Edwards Plateau, an extensive karst landscape in Central Texas. We compared a site that has been heavily encroached by woody plants (mainly Quercus fusiformis and Juniperus ashei), with an adjacent site that has been maintained free of encroachment for the past eight decades. Both sites share the same bedrock, as confirmed by trenching, and originally had very few trees, which enabled us to evaluate how encroachment impacted the evolution of hydraulic properties over a period of no more than 80 years. Using in situ permeability tests in boreholes drilled into the weathered bedrock, we found that the mean saturated hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock was higher-by an order of magnitude-beneath woody plants than in the areas where woody plants have been continuously suppressed. Additionally, woody plant encroachment was associated with greater regolith thickness, greater plant rooting depths, significantly lower rock hardness, and a 24-44% increase in limestone matrix porosity. These findings are strong indicators that woody plant encroachment enhances bedrock weathering, thereby amplifying its permeability-a cycle of mutual reinforcement with the potential for substantial changes within a few decades. Given the importance of shallow bedrock for ecohydrological and biogeochemical processes, the broader impacts of woody plant encroachment on weathering rates and permeability warrant further investigation.

Thicketized oak woodlands reduce groundwater recharge.

Woodlands and pastures across the Post Oak Savannas (POS) in Texas have been undergoing thicketization over the last century via encroachment by understory shrubs such as Yaupon (Ilex decidua, Ilex vomitoria) and expansion of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana). Because a large part of POS overlies the Carrizo-Wilcox (CW) aquifer - the third most important aquifer in Texas, there is a strong incentive to identify opportunities to increase groundwater recharge through land management. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the influence of thicketization of post oak (Quercus stellata) stands on deep drainage (DD) in POS. We achieved this by, a) applying chloride mass balance on soil cores, and b) simultaneously monitoring soil moisture in a woodland pasture setting in POS. Four sites representing different vegetation covers were identified for sampling: 1) a thicketized oak woodland paired with an adjacent open site, 2) a woodland mosaic, 3) a pasture and 4) a pine-oak stand paired with an adjacent open site. A total of 24 soil cores to the depth of 260 cm were collected and (soil) pore water chloride concentrations at multiple depths were measured. Soil moisture was monitored at 21 locations, to the depth of 140-260 cm using a neutron moisture meter. Negligible DD was estimated in the thicketized woodland, whereas most open locations recorded 3-18 cm/year and the woodland mosaic 0-1 cm of DD. Soil moisture data, collected from Jul-2020 to Jun-2021 also suggested higher deep drainage fluxes under open areas - with occurrence of sub-surface saturation only under the open areas and never under the woodlands. These results suggest that the thicketization in oak savannas is substantially reducing groundwater recharge. Given the extent of thicketized oak savannas across United States, this could be impacting water budgets and groundwater recharge rates on regional scales.

Contrasting effects of native and exotic vegetation on soil infiltrability in the Sonoran Desert.

Invasion by exotic grasses is transforming drylands across the planet, but the ecohydrological feedbacks of such invasions are not fully understood. For example, in the Sonoran Desert, previous studies have shown that buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) alters the spatial patterns of soil moisture, leading researchers to hypothesize that such alterations are related to the plants' effects on soil infiltrability. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) in a native shrubland with that in a neighboring savanna extensively dominated by exotic buffelgrass. We measured Kfs during the dormant and growing seasons in both canopy and intercanopy zones. We found that Kfs was generally lower during the dormant season than during the growing season. There were no significant differences between sites during the dormant season, and at both sites, Kfs was 6-7 times higher under shrubs than in the intercanopies. During the growing season, Kfs for the exotic intercanopy was comparable to that for shrub cluster edges (140 mm h-1) and was more than twice that for the native intercanopy. Both shrubs and buffelgrass improved Kfs by reducing soil bulk density (thus increasing porosity). Additionally, surface roughness in the exotic intercanopy was nearly 3 times higher than in the native intercanopy. The combination of greater surface roughness and higher infiltration rates during the growing season most likely alters hydrological connectivity in savannas invaded by exotic grasses such as buffelgrass. By capturing portions of the runoff generated in the intercanopy, these grasses reduce runon into shrub patches, with potentially substantial impacts on native vegetation dynamics and stability.

Effects of heavy grazing on the microclimate of a humid grassland mountain ecosystem: Insights from a biomass removal experiment.

In high-altitude Andean grasslands (páramo), overgrazing leads to alterations in both vegetation and microclimate. These alterations need to be identified to devise land management strategies that will preserve and enhance ecosystem processes. To elucidate this issue, we designed an overgrazing experiment: we selected two plots covered with native grass (pajonal), in one of which we mowed to the ground surface. We left the second plot undisturbed to serve as a control. For both plots, we continuously monitored albedo and ancillary energetic components to generate quarterly and yearly comparisons for the following parameters: (a) impacts on albedo and resilience of grass; (b) radiative forcing of albedo; and (c) land surface temperature feedback during the recovery period. In the first quarter following removal, when the soil was covered with light litter, median albedo increased 38.81% (0.16 ± 0.02), then began a gradual decrease, which continued until its full recovery 1.75 years later (0.10 ± 0.01). During the first year of the experiment, a strong mean negative instantaneous radiative forcing was observed (-7.08 ± 6.03 Wm-2), signifying a reduction in net shortwave energy. This forcing returned to normal, pre-intervention conditions (-0.55 ± 0.97 Wm-2) after 1.75 years, equal to the energetic recovery period of the grass. Both the amount (from 133.0 ± 44.72 to 119.67 ± 39.30 Wm-2) and the partitioning (net shortwave decreased 5%; net longwave increased 9.7%) of net energy were altered after removal, evidence of cooling feedback during the recovery period. This feedback indicated that the decrease in albedo (1.25%) or instantaneous radiative forcing (-4.67 Wm-2) resulted in a decrease in land surface temperature of 1 °C. Thus, our overgrazing experiment without soil destruction followed by a natural recovery time has identified the energetic recovery period for grass in the páramos; suggesting the albedo as a good indicator of grass resilience.

Plant functional types broadly describe water use strategies in the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeast Brazil.

In seasonally dry tropical forests, plant functional type can be classified as deciduous low wood density, deciduous high wood density, or evergreen high wood density species. While deciduousness is often associated with drought-avoidance and low wood density is often associated with tissue water storage, the degree to which these functional types may correspond to diverging and unique water use strategies has not been extensively tested.We examined (a) tolerance to water stress, measured by predawn and mid-day leaf water potential; (b) water use efficiency, measured via foliar δ13C; and (c) access to soil water, measured via stem water δ18O.We found that deciduous low wood density species maintain high leaf water potential and low water use efficiency. Deciduous high wood density species have lower leaf water potential and variable water use efficiency. Both groups rely on shallow soil water. Evergreen high wood density species have low leaf water potential, higher water use efficiency, and access alternative water sources. These findings indicate that deciduous low wood density species are drought avoiders, with a specialized strategy for storing root and stem water. Deciduous high wood density species are moderately drought tolerant, and evergreen high wood density species are the most drought tolerant group.Synthesis. Our results broadly support the plant functional type framework as a way to understand water use strategies, but also highlight species-level differences.

Changing landowners, changing ecosystem? Land-ownership motivations as drivers of land management practices.

Motivations for owning rural land are shifting from an agricultural-production orientation to a preference for natural and cultural amenities. Resultant changes in land management have significant implications for the type and distribution of landscape-level disturbances that affect the delivery of ecosystem services. We examined the relationship between motivations for owning land and the implementation of conservation land management practices by landowners in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. Using a mail survey, we classified landowners into three groups: agricultural production, multiple-objective, and lifestyle-oriented. Cross tabulations of landowner group with past, current, and future use of 12 different land management practices (related to prescribed grazing, vegetation management, restoration, and water management) found that lifestyle-oriented landowners were overall less likely to adopt these practices. To the degree that the cultural landscape of rural lands transitions from production-oriented to lifestyle-oriented landowners, the ecological landscape and the associated flow of ecosystem services will likely change. This poses new challenges to natural resource managers regarding education, outreach, and policy; however, a better understanding about the net ecological consequences of lower rates of adoption of conservation management practices requires consideration of the ecological tradeoffs associated with the changing resource dependency of rural landowners.

Contour ripping is more beneficial than composted manure for restoring degraded rangelands in Central Texas.

Rangelands in the United States that have been the site of military training exercises have suffered extensive ecological damage, largely because of soil compaction, creation of ruts, and damage to or destruction of vegetation--all of which lead to higher runoff and accelerated erosion. In this paper we report on a study carried out within the Fort Hood Military Reservation in Central Texas, where we evaluated the extent to which application of composted dairy manure and contour ripping affect soil infiltrability, amount of runoff, and nutrient concentrations in runoff. We conducted experiments at two locations, using rainfall simulation at one and monitoring discharge from small (0.3-ha) watersheds at the other. At the rainfall simulation site, we used six levels of compost application: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 Mg/ha. We found that compost application had little effect on runoff, soil infiltration, sediment production, or nutrient concentrations in the runoff--except at the micro-watershed scale (12 and 24 Mg/ha); in this case, nutrient concentrations in runoff were initially high (for the rainfall simulations done immediately after compost application). In contrast, contour ripping--carried out 22 months after compost application on two of the micro-watersheds--was highly effective: runoff on the treated micro-watershed was reduced by half compared with the untreated micro-watershed. Our results suggest that (1) one-time applications of composted dairy manure do little to enhance infiltration of degraded rangelands over the short term (at the same time, these experiments demonstrated that compost application poses very little risk to water quality); and (2) for degraded rangelands with limited infiltration capacity, contour ripping is an effective strategy for increasing infiltration rates.